单倍群O-M122

**单倍群O-M122**
单倍群O-M122
起源时间	约3万年前
起源地	印度东北部
上游单倍群	单倍群O-M175
下游单倍群	单倍群O-M324（O2a）、单倍群O-F742（O2b）
对应突变	M122, CTS10736, CTS10753, F36, F400, F433, F471, F633, P198

单倍群O-M122（英语：Haplogroup O-M122）是人类Y染色体DNA单倍群之一，现称O2（旧称O3），是单倍群O-M175的下游单倍群之一。

起源与分布

单倍群O-M122于2万5千年至3万年前首次出现于东亚南部。^[1]该单倍群目前主要分布于东亚、波利尼西亚、东南亚、中亚、南亚等。O-M122的主要下游单倍群包括（以下均采用ISOGG 2017版命名）:O2a2a-M188、O2a1b-IMS-JST002611、O2a2b1a1-M117、O2a2b1a2-F114、O2a2b2-AM01822、O2b-F742等。O2a2a-M188主要分布在中国偏南部、东南亚等，O2a2a1a1b2b2-MF114497主要分布在在朝鲜半岛、日本列岛等地，O2a2a1a2-M7主要分布在苗瑶语族人群，在汉族客家民系^[4]，吴语区^[5]也有一定分布，O2a1b-IMS-JST002611、O2a2b1a1-M117、O2a2b1a2-F114是汉族主要的单倍群之一，也常见于如朝鲜族、满族、赫哲族、锡伯族、漠南蒙古、土族等东亚民族，M117也常见于藏缅语族人群，例如缅族、彝族与藏族等，F114下游的O2a2b1a2a1a3b2a1b-Y22297在哈萨克族乃蛮部中高频分布，O2a2b2-AM01822主要分布在中国华北偏东部、波利尼西亚、菲律宾等地，O2b-F742主要分布于中国东部沿海省份等地。

在人群中的比重

族群	比例	样本数	资料来源	SNPs
独龙族	1		Shi 2009
那加人 (Sagaing, 缅甸)	1.000	15	^{[来源请求]}	Page23=15
尼释人(印度东北（英语：Nishi (tribe))）	0.94		Cordaux 2004
阿迪人(印度东北)（英语：Adi people）	0.89		Cordaux 2004
塔芒族(尼泊尔)	0.867	45	Gayden 2007	M134
怒族(云南)	0.86		Wen 2004
瑶族 (连南瑶族自治县)	0.829	35	Xue 2006	M7=18 M117=5 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=4 M134(xM117)=2
阿昌族(云南缅甸)	0.825		Shi 2009
阿帕塔尼部落 - Yoair（英语：Apatani people）	0.82		Cordaux 2004
白族(云南)	0.82		Shi 2009
南方汉族 (湖南福建汉族)	0.788	52	Poznik 2016	M122=41
那加人 (东北印度)	0.765	34	Cordaux 2004	M134=26
佤族 (云南)	0.759	29	Cai 2011	M122
汉族	0.74		Wen 2004
畬族	0.735	34	Xue 2006	M7=10 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=7 M117=6 M134(xM117)=2
怒族	0.7		Shi 2009
苗族	0.7		Karafet 2001
水族	0.7		Shi 2009
汉族 (哈尔滨)	0.657	35	Xue 2006	M122(xM159, M7, M134)=10 M134(xM117)=8 M117=5
傈僳族	0.65		Wen 2004
藻敏方言 (广东瑶族)	0.649	37	Cai 2011	M122
畬族	0.63		Karafet 2001
菲律宾人	0.62		Jin 2009
台湾汉族	0.619	21	Tajima 2004	M122
菲律宾人	0.607	28	Hurles 2005	M122
汉族 (华东)	0.593	167	Yan 2011	M122
加罗人	0.59		Reddy 2007
越南京族 (越南河内)	0.58	48	^{[来源请求]}	M122=28
钦族 (钦邦, 缅甸)	0.579	19	^{[来源请求]}	Page23=10 M122(xM324)=1
汉族 (华北)	0.566	129	Yan 2011	M122
多巴巴塔克族（英语：Toba Batak people） (印尼苏门答腊)	0.553	38	Karafet 2010	P201(xM7, M134)
北方汉族	0.551	49	Tajima 2004	M122
加罗人	0.55		Kumar 2007
土家族	0.54		Shi 2009
土家族	0.53		Karafet 2001
汉族 (成都)	0.529	34	Xue 2006	M122(xM159, M7, M134)=8 M134(xM117)=5 M117=5
汉族 (东北)	0.524	42	Katoh 2005	M122=22
汉族 (梅县)	0.514	35	Xue 2006	M122(xM159, M7, M134)=10 M117=4 M7=2 M159=1 M134(xM117)=1
北京汉族	0.500	46	Poznik 2016	F444=8 M117=7 JST002611=5 KL2(xJST002611)=2 M188(xM7)=1
汉族 (华南)	0.492	65	Yan 2011	M122
佤族	0.48		Shi 2009
白族	0.48		Shi 2009 Wen 2004
河内京族	0.478	46	Poznik 2016	M7=6 M133=4 F444=4 JST002611=4 KL2(xJST002611)=2 N6>F4124=1 CTS1754=1
韩国人	0.472	216	Kim 2007
傈僳族	0.47		Shi 2009
哈尼族	0.47		Wen 2004
汉族 (伊犁哈萨克自治州)	0.469	32	Xue 2006	M122(xM159, M7, M134)=10 M7=2 M117=2 M134(xM117)=1
白族 (云南大理)	0.46	50	Wen 2004	M122
蒙古族 (内蒙古包头市)	0.455	33	^{[来源请求]}	F273=2 F4249=2 FGC23868=1 Z26109=1 F133=1 F12=1 Y26383=1 CTS201=1 F8=1 Y20928=1 F748=1 SK1783=1 SK1775=1
Hezhe (China)	0.444	45	Xue 2006	M122(xM159, M7, M134)=11 M134(xM117)=2 M117=7
韩国人	0.443	506	Kim 2011	P201=146 M324(xP201)=76 M122(xM324)=2
藏族 (云南香格里拉县)	0.440	50	Wen 2004	M122
苗族	0.44		Shi 2009
彝族	0.44		Wen 2004
拉祜族	0.43		Shi 2009
Bit (Laos)	0.429	28	Cai 2011	M122
满族 (东北)	0.426	101	Katoh 2005	M122=43
韩民族 (首尔)	0.422	573	Park 2012	M122
韩民族 (大德区)	0.414	133	Park 2012	M122
Hmong Daw (老挝)	0.412	51	Cai 2011	M122
越南人	0.41		Karafet 2001
傣族	0.4		Yang 2005
东干族 (吉尔吉斯)	0.40	40	Wells 2001	M122
藏族	0.400	35	Xue 2006	M117=13 M134(xM117)=1
中国朝鲜族	0.400	25	Xue 2006	M122(xM159, M7, M134)=6 M117=4
掸族 (泰国北部)	0.400	20	Brunelli 2017	M117=7 M7=1
中部泰族	0.395	129	Kutanan 2019	F8/F42*=17 M7=11 JST002611=10 F474/F317=4 F323/F46=4 M159=2 F2055/CTS445=1 F2137=1 F837=1
韩民族 (韩国)	0.395	43	Xue 2006	M122(xM159, M7, M134)=7 M134(xM117)=5 M117=5
越南人	0.39		Jin 2009
北部泰族	0.390	205	Brunelli 2017	O-M117=46 O-M7=17 O-M324(xM7, M134)=16 O-M122(xM324)=1
孟族 (泰国北部)	0.389	18	Brunelli 2017	M117=4 M324(xM7, M134)=3
布朗族 (云南)	0.385	52	Cai 2011	M122
北部泰族 (Khon Mueang & Tai Yuan)	0.384	86	Kutanan 2019	F8/F42=24 M7=7 JST002611=1 F999/F717=1
满族	0.38		Karafet 2001
菲律宾人 (他加禄)	0.380	50	Tajima 2004	M122
越南哈尼族	0.375	24	Trejaut 2014	M7=3 M134(xM133)=3 M133=1 JST002611=1 M159=1
Manchu	0.371	35	Xue 2006	M122(xM159, M7, M134)=6 M117=5 M134(xM117)=2
汉族 (兰州)	0.367	30	Xue 2006	M122(xM159, M7, M134)=6 M117=3 M134(xM117)=2
拉祜族	0.36		Wen 2004
羌族	0.364	33	Xue 2006	M134(xM117)=4 M117=3 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=3 M7=2
缅族 (缅甸)	0.361	72	^{[来源请求]}	Page23=26
印尼婆罗洲	0.360	86	Karafet 2010	M122
韩民族	0.356	45	Wells 2001	M122
巴哼语 (广西瑶族)	0.355	31	Cai 2011	M122
菲律宾人	0.354	48	Karafet 2010	M122
西部裕固语(甘肃突厥)	0.35		Zhou 2008
泰族 (清迈 & 坤敬府)	0.353	34	Shi 2009 Tajima 2004	M122
傣允族 (泰国北部)	0.346	26	Brunelli 2017	M324(xM7, M134)=4 M117=3 M7=2
Tharu	0.345	171	Fornarino 2009	M134
越南京族 (河内)	0.342	76	He 2012	M122
韩民族 (首尔)	0.341	85	Katoh 2005	M122=29
藏族	0.340	156	Gayden 2007	M122
瑶族 (巴马瑶族自治县)	0.343	35	Xue 2006	M7=12
哈萨克族 (SE Altai)	0.337	89	Dulik 2011	M134(xM117, P101)
泰沅 (泰国)	0.329	85	Brunelli 2017	M117=15 M7=5 M122(xM324)=5 M134(xM117)=3
傣族 (云南西双版纳傣族自治州)	0.327	52	Poznik 2016	O-M133=13 O-M7=2 O-F444=1 O-JST002611=1
波利尼西亚人	0.325		Su 2000
藏族	0.32		Wen 2004
Khasi	0.32		Reddy 2007
寮族 (老挝龙坡邦)	0.32	25	He 2012	M122
Eastern Yugur	0.31		Zhou 2008
马来族	0.31		Karafet 2001
布依族	0.314	35	Xue 2006	M7=6 M134(xM117)=3 M117=1 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=1
喀尔喀蒙古族	0.311		Kim 2011
菲律宾人	0.308	146	Trejaut 2014	P164(xM134)=26 JST002611=7 M7=3 M133=3 M134(xM133)=2 P201(xM159, M7, P164)=2 M159=1 M324(xKL1, P201)=1
汉族 (平话)	0.3		Gan 2008
撒拉族	0.302	43	Wang 2003	M122
侗族	0.300	20	Xie 2004	M134=3 M122(xM7, M134)=3
泰国	0.293	75	Trejaut 2014	M133(xM162)=10 M7=5 M134(xM133)=3 JST002611=2 P164(xM134)=1 M122(xM324)=1
中国朝鲜族	0.291	79	Katoh 2005	M122=23
卡西族	0.29		Kumar 2007
壮族	0.29		Su 2000
内蒙古	0.289	45	Xue 2006	M122(xM159, M7, M134)=5 M117=5 M134(xM117)=3
傣仂族 (泰国北部)	0.286	91	Brunelli 2017	O-M117=16 O-M7=6 O-M324(xM7, M134)=3 O-M122(xM324)=1
壮族	0.286	28	Xie 2004	M134=7 M122(xM7, M134)=1
寮族 (Vientiane & Luang Prabang)	0.275	40	Kutanan 2019	F8/F42=6 M7=2 M188(xM7)=2 P164_{(xF8,F46,F4110,F706,F717)}=1
保安族	0.273	44	Wang 2003	M122
锡伯族	0.268	41	Xue 2006	M134(xM117)=5 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=4 M117=2
密克罗尼西亚(大洋洲)	0.27		Su 2000
孟族 (泰国)	0.267	105	Kutanan 2019	F8/F42=15 M7=4 F323/F46=4 JST002611=3 F2859=1 M122_{(x002611,M188,P164,F837)}=1
达斡尔族	0.256	39	Xue 2006	M122(xM159, M7, M134)=7 M117=3
波利尼西亚	0.25		Hammer 2005 Kayser 2006
Bunu (Guangxi)	0.25	36	Cai 2011	M122
马来族 (邻近吉隆坡)	0.25	12	Tajima 2004	M122
壮族 (广西)	0.247	166	Chen 2006	M122(xM121, M134)=23 M117=9 M134(xM117)=7 M121=2
日本族 (Kyūshū)	0.240	104	Tajima 2004	M122
东乡族	0.24		Wang 2003
Manchurian Evenks	0.24		Karafet 2001
Thai (Northern Thailand)	0.235	17	He 2012	M122
Japanese (Kagawa)	0.234	47	Xue 2006	M117=8 M134(xM117)=2 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=1
Mosuo (Ninglang, Yunnan)	0.234	47	Wen 2004	M122
Evenks (China)	0.231	26	Xue 2006	M117=4 M134(xM117)=1 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=1
Mongolia (mainly Khalkhs^[6])	0.228	149	Hammer 2005	M134=24 M122(xM134)=10
Zhuang (Napo County, Guangxi)	0.222	63	^{[来源请求]}	M117=5 M122(xM188, M134)=4 M188=3 M134(xM117)=2
Lawa (Northern Thailand)	0.220	50	Brunelli 2017	M324(xM7, M134)=6 M117=5
Mal (Laos)	0.220	50	Cai 2011	M122
Cambodian (Siem Reap)	0.216	125	Black 2006	M122
Japanese (Tokushima)	0.214	70	Hammer 2005	M134=11 M122(xM134, LINE)=2 LINE=2
Newar	0.212	66	Gayden 2007	M117
Lao Isan	0.210	62	Kutanan 2019	M7=6 F8=4 JST002611=3
Blang	0.21		Shi 2009
Okinawans	0.21		Nonaka 2007
Tai Khün (Northern Thailand)	0.208	24	Brunelli 2017	M117=4 M134(xM117)=1
Kathmandu, Nepal	0.208	77	Gayden 2007	M324
Sui	0.200	50	Xie 2004	M134=10
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)	0.20	50	Wen 2004	M122(xM7)
Japanese (Shizuoka)	0.197	61	Hammer 2005	M122(xM134, LINE)=7 M134=5
Khmu (Laos)	0.196	51	Cai 2011	M122
Dongxiang	0.196	46	Wang 2003	M122
Oroqen	0.194	31	Xue 2006	M122(xM159, M7, M134)=2 M7=2 M134(xM117)=1 M117=1
Khalkh (Mongolia)	0.188	85	Katoh 2005	M122=16
Japanese (Miyazaki)	0.183	1285	Nohara 2021	M134=118 M122(xM134)=117
Japanese (Tokyo)	0.179	56	Poznik 2016	M117=5 M134(xM117)=3 JST002611=2
Hani	0.176	34	Xue 2006	M134(xM117)=3 M117=2 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=1
Micronesia	0.176	17	Hammer 2005	M122(xM134, LINE)=3
Hui	0.171	35	Xue 2006	M122(xM159, M7, M134)=4 M134(xM117)=1 M117=1
Kalmyk (Khoshuud)	0.171	82	Malyarchuk 2013	M122=14
Japanese	0.167	263	Nonaka 2007	M122
Mandar (Sulawesi)	0.167	54	Karafet 2010	M122
Mulam (Luocheng)	0.167	42	Wang 2003	JST002611=3 M134(xM117)=3 M117=1
Japanese (Kantō)	0.162	117	Katoh 2005	M122=19
Thai	0.16		Jin 2009
Zhuang	0.16		Karafet 2001
Aheu (Laos)	0.158	38	Cai 2011	M122
Bugan (Yunnan)	0.156	32	Cai 2011	M122
Okinawans	0.156	45	Hammer 2005	M122(xM134, LINE)=3 LINE=3 M134=1
Uygur (Yili)	0.154	39	Xue 2006	M122(xM159, M7, M134)=2 M134(xM117)=2 M117=2
Japanese (Aomori)	0.154	26	Hammer 2005	M134=3 M122(xM134, LINE)=1
Cambodia	0.14		Shi 2009
Cham (Binh Thuan, Vietnam)	0.136	59	He 2012	M122
Java (mainly sampled in Dieng)	0.131	61	Karafet 2010	M122
Aboriginal Taiwanese	0.126	223	Tajima 2004	M122
Uighur (Kazakhstan)	0.122	41	Wells 2001	M122
Uzbek (Bukhara)	0.121	58	Wells 2001	M122
Ulchi	0.115	52	^{[来源请求]}	O-M122(xP201)=6
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan)	0.114	44	Wells 2001	M122
Utsat (Sanya, Hainan)	0.111	72	Li 2013	M117=3 M122(xM159, M117)=3 M159=2
Outer Mongolian	0.108	65	Xue 2006	M122(xM159, M7, M134)=3 M117=3 M134(xM117)=1
Bo (Laos)	0.107	28	Cai 2011	M122
Tibetans	0.1		Zhou 2008
Maluku Islands	0.1	30	Karafet 2010	M122
Kazakh (Kazakhstan)	0.093	54	Wells 2001	M122
Bouyei	0.089	45	Xie 2004	M122(xM7, M134)=2 M7=1 M134=1
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)	0.085	47	Wen 2004	M122(xM7)
Zakhchin (Mongolia)	0.083	60	Katoh 2005	M122=5
Mongols	0.083	24	Wells 2001	M122
Balinese (Bali)	0.073	641	Karafet 2010	M122
Japanese	0.068	59	Ochiai 2016	P198
Uriankhai (Mongolia)	0.067	60	Katoh 2005	M122=4
Sinte (Uzbekistan)	0.067	15	Wells 2001	M122
Uygur (Urumqi)	0.065	31	Xue 2006	M134(xM117)=1 M117=1
Iranian (Esfahan)	0.063	16	Wells 2001	M122
Kalmyk (Dörwöd)	0.061	165	Malyarchuk 2013	M122=10
Flores	0.046	394	Karafet 2010	M122
Buryat	0.040	298	Kharkov 2014	M324(xM134)=5 M134(xM117)=4 M117=3
Buyei	0.04		Yang 2005
Kalmyk (Torguud)	0.033	150	Malyarchuk 2013	M122=5
Kazakhs (SW Altai)	0.033	30	Dulik 2011	M134(xM117, P101)
Munda (Jharkhand)	0.032	94	^{[来源请求]}	M134=3
Burusho	0.031	97	Firasat 2007	M122
Li	0.029	34	Xue 2006	M134(xM117)=1
Sumba	0.029	350	Karafet 2010	M122
Khoton (Mongolia)	0.025	40	Katoh 2005	M122=1
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)	0.025	40	Wen 2004	M134
Rajbanshi (West Bengal)	0.022	45	^{[来源请求]}	M134=1
Pathan	0.010	96	Firasat 2007	M122
Pakistan	0.005	638	Firasat 2007	M122

注释

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 (Shi 2009)
^ (GenographicProject 2005)
^ (Krahn and FTDNA 2013)
^ 客家人起源的遗传学分析
^ 吴人是苗瑶人东进和南下的汉人同化
^ Karafet, T. M.; Zegura, S. L.; Posukh, O.; Osipova, L.; Bergen, A.; Long, J.; Goldman, D.; Klitz, W.; Harihara, S.; de Knijff, P.; Wiebe, V.; Griffiths, R. C.; Templeton, A. R.; Hammer, M. F. Ancestral Asian Source(s) of New World Y-Chromosome Founder Haplotypes. American Journal of Human Genetics. 1999, 64 (3): 817–831. PMC 1377800 . PMID 10053017. doi:10.1086/302282.

参考文献

Black, M. L.; Dufall, K.; Wise, C.; Sullivan, S.; Bittles, A. H. Genetic ancestries in northwest Cambodia. Annals of Human Biology. 2006, 33 (5–6): 620–7. PMID 17381059. doi:10.1080/03014460600882561.
Cai, Xiaoyun; Qin, Zhendong; Wen, Bo; Xu, Shuhua; Wang, Yi; Lu, Yan; Wei, Lanhai; Wang, Chuanchao; et al. O'Rourke, Dennis , 编. Human Migration through Bottlenecks from Southeast Asia into East Asia during Last Glacial Maximum Revealed by Y Chromosomes. PLoS ONE. 2011, 6 (8): e24282. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...624282C. PMC 3164178 . PMID 21904623. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024282.
Cordaux, R.; Weiss, G; Saha, N; Stoneking, M. The Northeast Indian Passageway: A Barrier or Corridor for Human Migrations?. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2004, 21 (8): 1525–33. PMID 15128876. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh151.
Gan, Rui-Jing; Pan, Shang-Ling; Mustavich, Laura F.; Qin, Zhen-Dong; Cai, Xiao-Yun; Qian, Ji; Liu, Cheng-Wu; Peng, Jun-Hua; et al. Pinghua population as an exception of Han Chinese's coherent genetic structure. Journal of Human Genetics. 2008, 53 (4): 303–13. PMID 18270655. doi:10.1007/s10038-008-0250-x.
Gayden, Tenzin; Cadenas, Alicia M.; Regueiro, Maria; Singh, Nanda B.; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Underhill, Peter A.; Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi L.; Herrera, Rene J. The Himalayas as a Directional Barrier to Gene Flow. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2007, 80 (5): 884–94. PMC 1852741 . PMID 17436243. doi:10.1086/516757.
Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; Omoto, Keiichi; Harihara, Shinji; Stoneking, Mark; Horai, Satoshi. Dual origins of the Japanese: Common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes. Journal of Human Genetics. 2005, 51 (1): 47–58. PMID 16328082. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0.
He, Jun-Dong; Peng, Min-Sheng; Quang, Huy Ho; Dang, Khoa Pham; Trieu, An Vu; Wu, Shi-Fang; Jin, Jie-Qiong; Murphy, Robert W.; et al. Kayser, Manfred , 编. Patrilineal Perspective on the Austronesian Diffusion in Mainland Southeast Asia. PLoS ONE. 2012, 7 (5): e36437. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...736437H. PMC 3346718 . PMID 22586471. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036437.
Hurles, M; Sykes, B; Jobling, M; Forster, P. The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2005, 76 (5): 894–901. PMC 1199379 . PMID 15793703. doi:10.1086/430051.
Jin, Han-Jun; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Kim, Wook. Batzer, Mark A , 编. The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosomal Markers. PLoS ONE. 2009, 4 (1): e4210. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.4210J. PMC 2615218 . PMID 19148289. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004210.
Jing, Chen; Hui, LI; Zhen-Dong, QIN; Wen-Hong, LIU; Wei-Xiong, LIN; Rui-Xing, YIN; Li, JIN; Shang-Ling, PAN. Y-chromosome Genotyping and Genetic Structure of Zhuang Populations. Acta Genetica Sinica. 2006, 33 (12): 1060–72. PMID 17185165. doi:10.1016/S0379-4172(06)60143-1.
Karafet, Tatiana; Xu, Liping; Du, Ruofu; Wang, William; Feng, Shi; Wells, R.S.; Redd, Alan J.; Zegura, Stephen L.; Hammer, Michael F. Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2001, 69 (3): 615–28. PMC 1235490 . PMID 11481588. doi:10.1086/323299.
Karafet, Tatiana M.; Lansing, J. S.; Redd, Alan J.; Watkins, Joseph C.; Surata, S. P. K.; Arthawiguna, W. A.; Mayer, Laura; Bamshad, Michael; et al. Balinese Y-Chromosome Perspective on the Peopling of Indonesia: Genetic Contributions from Pre-Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers, Austronesian Farmers, and Indian Traders. Human Biology. 2005, 77 (1): 93–114. PMID 16114819. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0030.
Katoh, Toru; Munkhbat, Batmunkh; Tounai, Kenichi; Mano, Shuhei; Ando, Harue; Oyungerel, Ganjuur; Chae, Gue-Tae; Han, Huun; Jia, Guan-Jun; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Munkhtuvshin, Namid; Tamiya, Gen; Inoko, Hidetoshi. Genetic features of Mongolian ethnic groups revealed by Y-chromosomal analysis. Gene. 2005, 346: 63–70. PMID 15716011. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2004.10.023.
Kayser, M.; Brauer, S; Cordaux, R; Casto, A; Lao, O; Zhivotovsky, LA; Moyse-Faurie, C; Rutledge, RB; et al. Melanesian and Asian Origins of Polynesians: MtDNA and Y Chromosome Gradients Across the Pacific. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2006, 23 (11): 2234–44. PMID 16923821. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl093.
Kharkov, V. N.; Stepanov, V. A.; Medvedeva, O. F.; Spiridonova, M. G.; Voevoda, M. I.; Tadinova, V. N.; Puzyrev, V. P. Gene pool differences between Northern and Southern Altaians inferred from the data on Y-chromosomal haplogroups. Russian Journal of Genetics. 2007, 43 (5): 551–562. doi:10.1134/S1022795407050110.
Kim, Wook; Yoo, Tag-Keun; Kim, Sung-Joo; Shin, Dong-Jik; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Jin, Han-Jun; Kwak, Kyoung-Don; Kim, Eun-Tak; Bae, Yoon-Sun. Blagosklonny, Mikhail , 编. Lack of Association between Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups and Prostate Cancer in the Korean Population. PLoS ONE. 2007, 2 (1): e172. Bibcode:2007PLoSO...2..172K. PMC 1766463 . PMID 17245448. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000172.
Kumar, Vikrant; Reddy, Arimanda NS; Babu, Jagedeesh P; Rao, Tipirisetti N; Langstieh, Banrida T; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Reddy, Alla G; Singh, Lalji; Reddy, Battini M. Y-chromosome evidence suggests a common paternal heritage of Austro-Asiatic populations. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2007, 7 (1): 47. PMC 1851701 . PMID 17389048. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-47.
Li, Hui; Wen, Bo; Chen, Shu-Juo; Su, Bing; Pramoonjago, Patcharin; Liu, Yangfan; Pan, Shangling; Qin, Zhendong; Liu, Wenhong; Cheng, Xu; Yang, Ningning; Li, Xin; Tran, Dinhbinh; Lu, Daru; Hsu, Mu-Tsu; Deka, Ranjan; Marzuki, Sangkot; Tan, Chia-Chen; Jin, Li. Paternal genetic affinity between western Austronesians and Daic populations. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2008, 8 (1): 146. PMC 2408594 . PMID 18482451. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-146.
Nonaka, I.; Minaguchi, K.; Takezaki, N. Y-chromosomal Binary Haplogroups in the Japanese Population and their Relationship to 16 Y-STR Polymorphisms. Annals of Human Genetics. 2007, 71 (4): 480–95. PMID 17274803. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2006.00343.x.
Reddy, B. Mohan; Langstieh, B. T.; Kumar, Vikrant; Nagaraja, T.; Reddy, A. N. S.; Meka, Aruna; Reddy, A. G.; Thangaraj, K.; Singh, Lalji. Awadalla, Philip , 编. Austro-Asiatic Tribes of Northeast India Provide Hitherto Missing Genetic Link between South and Southeast Asia. PLoS ONE. 2007, 2 (11): e1141. Bibcode:2007PLoSO...2.1141R. PMC 2065843 . PMID 17989774. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001141.
Shi, Simona; Pala, Maria; Battaglia, Vincenza; Maranta, Ramona; Achilli, Alessandro; Modiano, Guido; Torroni, Antonio; Semino, Ornella; Santachiara-Benerecetti, Silvana A. Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): A reservoir of genetic variation. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2009, 9 (1): 154. PMC 2720951 . PMID 19573232. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154.
Su, B.; Jin, L.; Underhill, P.; Martinson, J.; Saha, N.; McGarvey, S. T.; Shriver, M. D.; Chu, J.; et al. Polynesian origins: Insights from the Y chromosome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2000, 97 (15): 8225–8228. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.8225S. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.15.8225. *H6 (=O-M122(xO-M7, O-M134)) in 18/73=24.7% *H8 (=O-M134) in 2/73=2.7% for a total of 20/73=27.4% O-M122 in a pool of seven samples from Micronesia. *13/40=32.5% O-M122(xM7,M134) in a pool of three samples from Polynesia. *9/27=33.3% H6 (=O-M122(xM7,M134)) *6/27=22.2% H8 (=O-M134) for a total of 15/27=55.6% O-M122 in "Malay" sample *2/19=10.5% H6 (=O-M122(xM7,M134)) in "Kota Kinabalu" sample.
Su, Bing; Xiao, Junhua; Underhill, Peter; Deka, Ranjan; Zhang, Weiling; Akey, Joshua; Huang, Wei; Shen, Di; et al. Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 1999, 65 (6): 1718–24. PMC 1288383 . PMID 10577926. doi:10.1086/302680.
Tajima, Atsushi; Hayami, Masanori; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Juji, Takeo; Matsuo, Masafumi; Marzuki, Sangkot; Omoto, Keiichi; Horai, Satoshi. Genetic origins of the Ainu inferred from combined DNA analyses of maternal and paternal lineages. Journal of Human Genetics. 2004, 49 (4): 187–93. PMID 14997363. doi:10.1007/s10038-004-0131-x.
Wang, Wei; Wise, Cheryl; Baric, Tom; Black, Michael L.; Bittles, Alan H. The origins and genetic structure of three co-resident Chinese Muslim populations: the Salar, Bo'an and Dongxiang. Human Genetics (Springer-Verlag). August 1, 2003, 113 (3): 244–52. ISSN 0340-6717. PMID 12759817. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-0948-y.
Wells, R. S.; Yuldasheva, N.; Ruzibakiev, R.; Underhill, P. A.; Evseeva, I.; Blue-Smith, J.; Jin, L.; Su, B.; et al. The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2001, 98 (18): 10244–9. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9810244W. PMC 56946 . PMID 11526236. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098.
Wen, Bo; Li, Hui; Lu, Daru; Song, Xiufeng; Zhang, Feng; He, Yungang; Li, Feng; Gao, Yang; et al. Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture. Nature. 2004, 431 (7006): 302–5. Bibcode:2004Natur.431..302W. PMID 15372031. doi:10.1038/nature02878.
Wen, Bo; Xie, Xuanhua; Gao, Song; Li, Hui; Shi, Hong; Song, Xiufeng; Qian, Tingzhi; Xiao, Chunjie; et al. Analyses of Genetic Structure of Tibeto-Burman Populations Reveals Sex-Biased Admixture in Southern Tibeto-Burmans. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2004, 74 (5): 856–865. PMC 1181980 . PMID 15042512. doi:10.1086/386292.
Wen, Bo; Hong, S; Ling, R; Huifeng, X; Kaiyuan, L; Wenyi, Z; Bing, S; Shiheng, S; et al. The origin of Mosuo people as revealed by mtDNA and Y chromosome variation. Science China Life Sciences. 2004, 47 (1): 1–10. PMID 15382670. doi:10.1360/02yc0207.
Xie, Xuan-Hua. Genetic Structure of Tujia as Revealed by Y Chromosomes. [2017-04-07]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-19）.
Xue, Y.; Zerjal, T; Bao, W; Zhu, S; Shu, Q; Xu, J; Du, R; Fu, S; et al. Male Demography in East Asia: A North-South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times. Genetics. 2005, 172 (4): 2431–9. PMC 1456369 . PMID 16489223. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270.
Yang, Zhili; Dong, Yongli; Gao, Lu; Cheng, Baowen; Yang, Jie; Zeng, Weimin; Lu, Jing; Su, Yanhua; Xiao, Chunjie. The distribution of Y chromosome haplogroups in the nationalities from Yunnan Province of China. Annals of Human Biology. 2005, 32 (1): 80–7. PMID 15788357. doi:10.1080/03014460400027557.
Zhou, Ruixia; Yang, Daqun; Zhang, Hua; Yu, Weiping; An, Lizhe; Wang, Xilong; Li, Hong; Xu, Jiujin; Xie, Xiaodong. Origin and evolution of two Yugur sub-clans in Northwest China: A case study in paternal genetic landscape. Annals of Human Biology. 2008, 35 (2): 198–211. PMID 18428013. doi:10.1080/03014460801922927.
Genographic Project, R. Spencer; Wells. The Genographic Project - Atlas of the Human Journey. [2017-04-07]. （原始内容存档于2011-02-05）.
Krahn; FTDNA. Genomic Research Center Draft Tree (AKA Y-TRee). 2003 [2017-04-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-08-15）.

[#1-1] 1.0 ^1.1 (Shi 2009)

[2] (GenographicProject 2005)

[3] (Krahn and FTDNA 2013)

[4] 客家人起源的遗传学分析

[5] 吴人是苗瑶人东进和南下的汉人同化

[Karafet1999-6] Karafet, T. M.; Zegura, S. L.; Posukh, O.; Osipova, L.; Bergen, A.; Long, J.; Goldman, D.; Klitz, W.; Harihara, S.; de Knijff, P.; Wiebe, V.; Griffiths, R. C.; Templeton, A. R.; Hammer, M. F. Ancestral Asian Source(s) of New World Y-Chromosome Founder Haplotypes. American Journal of Human Genetics. 1999, 64 (3): 817–831. PMC 1377800 . PMID 10053017. doi:10.1086/302282.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]