兹拉蒂察战役

兹拉蒂察战役
	瓦尔纳十字军东征（英语：Crusade of Varna）的一部分
	; 斯雷那山脉
日期	1443年12月12日
地点	奥斯曼帝国巴尔干山脉的兹拉蒂察山口（位于今保加利亚）
结果	奥斯曼胜利；; 十字军的进一步推进被阻止
参战方
匈牙利王国; 波兰王国; 塞尔维亚专制国; 教宗国	奥斯曼帝国
指挥官与领导者
瓦迪斯瓦夫三世; 匈雅提·亚诺什; 久拉吉·布兰科维奇; 朱利安·切萨里尼（英语：Julian Cesarini）	穆拉德二世卡西姆帕夏（英语：Kasim Pasha）;
兵力
40,000人	不明
伤亡与损失
不明	不明

兹拉蒂察战役（1443年12月12日^[1]^[2]）为奥斯曼帝国与塞尔维亚-匈牙利联军在巴尔干半岛的一场战役。^[3]该战役发生点位于巴尔干山脉的兹拉蒂察（保加利亚语：Златишки проход，土耳其语：Izladi Derbendi）山口（位于今保加利亚）。波兰国王的不耐烦和严冬迫使匈雅提在1422年2月返回家园，但在撤退之前他便彻底破坏了奥斯曼苏丹在波斯尼亚、黑塞哥维那、塞尔维亚、保加利亚和阿尔巴尼亚的控制权。

背景

1440年，匈雅提·亚诺什成为波兰国王瓦迪斯瓦夫三世最信任的顾问和最受尊敬的士兵。匈雅提被授予贝尔格莱德总督，并负责对抗奥斯曼帝国的军事行动，瓦迪斯瓦夫国王本人也承认匈雅提的功绩，授予他在匈牙利东部的庄园。匈雅提很快就表现出非凡的能力，以他所掌握的有限资源来组织防御。1441年，他在塞门德里亚战胜了伊沙克贝伊（英语：Ishak Bey）：他在距离特兰西瓦尼亚的纳吉西本不远的地方，他歼灭了一支奥斯曼军队，并为匈牙利恢复了瓦拉几亚的宗主权；1442年7月，他在铁门击败了由谢哈贝丁率领的八万奥斯曼大军。这些胜利使匈雅提成为奥斯曼帝国的主要敌人，并在整个基督教世界中享有盛誉，并且成为他在1443年采取行动的主要动力。他与瓦迪斯瓦夫国王一起动的著名远征，被称为漫长战役（英语：Crusade of Varna），尼什战役 (1443年)（英语：Battle of Nish (1443)）是这次战役的战役之一。在该战役期间，匈雅提由朱利安·切萨里尼（英语：Julian Cesarini）陪同。^[4]战斗发生于1443年11月3日，在博尔瓦尼和尼什之间的平原上发生。^[2]该场战役由鲁米利亚贝勒贝伊卡西姆帕夏（英语：Kasım Pasha）、图拉汉贝伊（英语：Turahan Bey）与伊沙克贝伊率领，^[5]而在战败后，撤退的卡西姆帕夏和图拉汉贝伊的军队烧毁了尼什和索非亚之间的所有村庄。^[6]从奥斯曼帝国的消息来源证实，奥斯曼帝国之所以失败，是因为不同指挥官领导的军队间缺乏相互合作。^[7]

战役经过

在兹拉蒂卡战役之前，十字军还没有遇到奥斯曼帝国的任何一支主要军队，只有沿他们前往阿德里安堡的路线上的城镇驻军，^[8]而在兹拉蒂卡，他们遇到了强大且占有绝佳位置的奥斯曼防御部队，^[8]并且，严寒的天气也同样有利于奥斯曼守军──由卡西姆帕夏所指挥^[9]──之阵地。^[10]十字军打算通过斯雷那山脉的森林，继续向阿德里安堡进发。^[9]然，当他们到达兹拉蒂卡时，其通道正被非常强大的奥斯曼军队封锁，使得他们无法前进，再加上如此严寒的天气，他们的部队很难获得正常的补给。雪上加霜的是，卡西姆帕夏的奥斯曼军队还多次袭击他们。^[9]

后续

在兹拉蒂卡战役和随后的十字军撤军行动之后，战场和周边地区都被彻底摧毁：塞尔维亚满目疮痍，索非亚被烧毁，变成了“黑地”，周围的村庄变成了“黑炭”。^[11]只有久拉吉·布兰科维奇从1443年的战役中获得过胜利。^[12]

然而十字军在撤退期间，他们在库诺维察战役（英语：Battle of Kunovica）伏击并亟待了追击他们的奥斯曼军队。苏丹的女婿兼大维齐尔钱达尔勒·哈利勒帕夏的兄弟马哈茂德贝伊被俘。^[13]

历史来源

历史学家对于该战役的胜利者没有定论。^[14]^[15]根据哈利勒·伊纳尔奇克（英语：Halil İnalcık）的说法，作者未知的《İzladi ve Varna Savaşları (1443–1444) Üzerinde Gazavatnâme》是所有奥斯曼帝国编年史中，关于兹拉蒂卡战役和瓦尔纳战役之相关事件中最为可靠的资料来源。^[16]

参考来源

^ Mellersh, H. E. L.; Williams, Neville. Chronology of World History. ABC-CLIO. 1999: 527. ISBN 978-1-57607-155-7.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Setton, Kenneth M.; Hazard, Harry W.; Zacour, Norman P. (编). A History of the Crusades, Volume VI: The Impact of the Crusades on Europe. Madison and London: University of Wisconsin Press. 1989: 270. ISBN 0-299-10740-X （英语）. the most important battle of the whole campaign took place at Bolvani, in the plain of Nish on November 3, 1443
^ Battle of Zlatica. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2014 [13 November 2014]. （原始内容存档于2014-11-11）.
^ Babinger, Franz, Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time, Princeton University Press: 25, 1992, ISBN 978-0-691-01078-6, John Hunyadi accompanied by the cardinal-legate Giuliano Cesarini.
^ Babinger, Franz, Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time, Princeton University Press: 25, 1992, ISBN 978-0-691-01078-6, The combined host met Ottoman forces first on November 3, 1443, between the castle of Bolvan (near Aleksinac) and the city of Niš. Here Kasim Bey, then governor of Rumelia, Ishak Bey and other standard bearers were defeated.
^ Imber, Colin, The Crusade of Varna, 1443-45, Aldershot ; Burlington (Vt.) : Ashgate, cop.: 16, 2006, ISBN 978-0-7546-0144-9, OCLC 470458159, In the course of their flight Kasim and Turahan burned all villages between Niš and Sofia.
^ Imber, Colin, The Crusade of Varna, 1443-45, Aldershot ; Burlington (Vt.) : Ashgate, cop.: 270, 2006, ISBN 978-0-7546-0144-9, OCLC 470458159, The Ottoman sources in general emphasize the disagreement and lack of cooperation between frontier Ottoman forces under Turakhan and sipahi army under Kasim
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 Fine, John Van Antwerp. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. 1994: 548 [1987]. ISBN 0-472-08260-4 （英语）.
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 Babinger, Franz. Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time. Princeton University Press. 1992: 25. ISBN 0-691-01078-1.
^ Stadtmüller, Georg. Ungarn-Jahrbuch. Hase und Koehler Verlag. 1988: 16. ISBN 9783878281832.
^ Boyar, Ebru; Fleet, Kate. A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul. Cambridge University Press. 15 April 2010: 25. ISBN 978-1-139-48444-2.
^ The Cambridge Medieval History Series volumes 1-5. Plantagenet Publishing. : 1728. GGKEY:G636GD76LW7.
^ Imber, Colin. Introduction. The Crusade of Varna, 1443-45. Ashgate Publishing. July 2006: 9–31 [2007-04-19]. ISBN 0-7546-0144-7.
^ Mustafa Serdar Palabiyik. The Changing Ottoman Perception of War: From the Foundation of the Empire to its Disintegration. Avery Plaw (编). The Metamorphosis of War. New York, United States of America. 2012: 129.
^ T. C. F. Hopkins. Empires, Wars, and Battles. New York, United States of America. 2007: 207.
^ Blagojević, Božidar. Zbornik radova sa naučnih skupova u Negotinu i Kladovu povodom obeležavanja 170 godina od pogibije Hajduk-Veljka Petrovića i 150 godina oslobođenja od Turaka. Izd. Međuopštinska konferencija SSRN Zaječar, Balkanološki institut SANU. 1984: 35.

[MellershWilliams1999-1] Mellersh, H. E. L.; Williams, Neville. Chronology of World History. ABC-CLIO. 1999: 527. ISBN 978-1-57607-155-7.

[SettonHazard1990-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Setton, Kenneth M.; Hazard, Harry W.; Zacour, Norman P. (编). A History of the Crusades, Volume VI: The Impact of the Crusades on Europe. Madison and London: University of Wisconsin Press. 1989: 270. ISBN 0-299-10740-X （英语）. the most important battle of the whole campaign took place at Bolvani, in the plain of Nish on November 3, 1443

[3] Battle of Zlatica. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2014 [13 November 2014]. （原始内容存档于2014-11-11）.

[4] Babinger, Franz, Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time, Princeton University Press: 25, 1992, ISBN 978-0-691-01078-6, John Hunyadi accompanied by the cardinal-legate Giuliano Cesarini.

[Babinger_1992_25-5] Babinger, Franz, Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time, Princeton University Press: 25, 1992, ISBN 978-0-691-01078-6, The combined host met Ottoman forces first on November 3, 1443, between the castle of Bolvan (near Aleksinac) and the city of Niš. Here Kasim Bey, then governor of Rumelia, Ishak Bey and other standard bearers were defeated.

[6] Imber, Colin, The Crusade of Varna, 1443-45, Aldershot ; Burlington (Vt.) : Ashgate, cop.: 16, 2006, ISBN 978-0-7546-0144-9, OCLC 470458159, In the course of their flight Kasim and Turahan burned all villages between Niš and Sofia.

[7] Imber, Colin, The Crusade of Varna, 1443-45, Aldershot ; Burlington (Vt.) : Ashgate, cop.: 270, 2006, ISBN 978-0-7546-0144-9, OCLC 470458159, The Ottoman sources in general emphasize the disagreement and lack of cooperation between frontier Ottoman forces under Turakhan and sipahi army under Kasim

[FineFine1994-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Fine, John Van Antwerp. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. 1994: 548 [1987]. ISBN 0-472-08260-4 （英语）.

[Babinger1992-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 Babinger, Franz. Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time. Princeton University Press. 1992: 25. ISBN 0-691-01078-1.

[Stadtmüller1988-10] Stadtmüller, Georg. Ungarn-Jahrbuch. Hase und Koehler Verlag. 1988: 16. ISBN 9783878281832.

[BoyarFleet2010-11] Boyar, Ebru; Fleet, Kate. A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul. Cambridge University Press. 15 April 2010: 25. ISBN 978-1-139-48444-2.

[12] The Cambridge Medieval History Series volumes 1-5. Plantagenet Publishing. : 1728. GGKEY:G636GD76LW7.

[13] Imber, Colin. Introduction. The Crusade of Varna, 1443-45. Ashgate Publishing. July 2006: 9–31 [2007-04-19]. ISBN 0-7546-0144-7.

[14] Mustafa Serdar Palabiyik. The Changing Ottoman Perception of War: From the Foundation of the Empire to its Disintegration. Avery Plaw (编). The Metamorphosis of War. New York, United States of America. 2012: 129.

[15] T. C. F. Hopkins. Empires, Wars, and Battles. New York, United States of America. 2007: 207.

[Blagojević1984-16] Blagojević, Božidar. Zbornik radova sa naučnih skupova u Negotinu i Kladovu povodom obeležavanja 170 godina od pogibije Hajduk-Veljka Petrovića i 150 godina oslobođenja od Turaka. Izd. Međuopštinska konferencija SSRN Zaječar, Balkanološki institut SANU. 1984: 35.

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